Journalism in the Digital Crucible: An Empirical Analysis of AI-Powered Fact-Checking and Combating Misinformation in the Gulf Region

Abstract

This study presents an empirical investigation into the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in journalism, focusing on fact-checking and combating misinformation in the Gulf Region. Combining a comprehensive literature review with a descriptive-analytical survey of 102 specialists (journalists, academics, physicians, social media activists) in the UAE and neighboring Gulf countries, this research provides quantitative and qualitative findings. Key results indicate moderate trust in digital news (M = 3.2, SD = 0.9), high self-reported discernment ability (M = 4.1, SD = 0.7), and a cautious, emerging reliance on AI tools for verification (M = 3.4, SD = 1.1). A one-way ANOVA revealed a statistically significant difference in AI reliance between professional groups, F(3, 98) = 4.82, *p* = .003, partial η² = 0.13, with journalists (M = 3.9, SD = 0.8) reporting significantly higher usage than academics and physicians. Correlation analysis showed that younger professionals were more likely to adopt AI tools (*r* = -0.34, *p* < .01). Thematic analysis identified the "AI paradox," where these tools are seen as both a vital defense against misinformation and a potential source of bias, particularly within the Gulf's unique media landscape. The paper concludes with concrete, actionable recommendations for implementing a "human-in-the-loop" model, enhancing AI literacy, and developing culturally-aware ethical frameworks to guide AI integration in Gulf journalism.